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Objective:To dynamically observe the changes in iodine level in residents' drinking water after the change of regional water supply mode (2020) in Jiangsu Province.Methods:The survey of water iodine level was conducted from June to October 2020 in administrative villages of Jiangsu Province with a median water iodine ≥40 μg/L in 2017. The survey mainly covered 1 537 administrative villages in 21 counties (cities and districts) of 5 cities, including Huaian City, Lianyungang City, Suqian City, Yancheng City, and Xuzhou City. Based on the standard of "Definition and Demarcation of Iodine Deficient Areas and Iodine Adequate Areas" (WS/T 669-2020), the administrative villages with a median water iodine of 40 - 100 μg/L were classified as iodine adequate areas. Water iodine testing was conducted using the "Method for Water Iodine Testing in Iodine Deficient and High Iodine Areas" recommended by the National Reference Laboratory for Iodine Deficiency Disorders.Results:Totally 1 498 administrative villages in Jiangsu Province were monitored in 2020, all of which had centralized water supply. The minimum value of water iodine in all administrative villages was 1.2 μg/L and the maximum value was 606.7 μg/L, and the median water iodine was 35.2 μg/L. Among them, 206 administrative villages had median water iodine < 10 μg/L, accounting for 13.75% (206/1 498); 610 administrative villages had median water iodine from 10 to < 40 μg/L, accounting for 40.72% (610/1 498); 635 administrative villages had median water iodine from 40 to 100 μg/L, accounting for 42.39% (635/1 498); and 47 administrative villages with median water iodine > 100 μg/L, accounting for 3.14% (47/1 498). Except for Sucheng District in Suqian City, Xinyi City and Gulou District in Xuzhou City, Qingjiangpu District and Xuyi County in Huaian City, and Guannan County in Lianyungang City, the median water iodine in the administrative villages of the remaining 15 counties (cities and districts) in 2020 decreased significantly compared to 2017, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:After change of regional water supply mode in 2020, in most monitored counties (cities and districts) of Jiangsu Province, the water iodine level of administrative villages has decreased significantly compared to 2017.
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Objective:To learn about the implementation of prevention and control measures in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas and the trend of the disease change in Jiangsu Province.Methods:In March to October 2021, a general survey was carried out in 1 972 villages with drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis in 27 counties (cities and districts) of Jiangsu Province, the operation of water improvement projects in the villages was monitored, and the water fluoride content was determined. The prevalence of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 years in all the villages was investigated.Results:The 1 972 villages with drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis had completed water improvement, and all water improvement projects were operating normally and the water was qualified. Among them, 1 774 villages in the disease affected areas had achieved the control goal, accounting for 89.96%; and there were 198 villages in the disease affected areas with control measures up to the standard, accounting for 10.04%. A total of 47 water improvement projects were monitored, including 2 small-scale water improvement projects, accounting for 4.26%. There were 45 large-scale water improvement projects, accounting for 95.74%. A total of 125 790 children aged 8 to 12 years were examined, and 12 625 cases of dental fluorosis were detected. The detection rate of dental fluorosis was 10.04%, and the dental fluorosis index was 0.19. The detection rate of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 to 12 years was 9.98% (1 854/18 579), 10.27% (2 704/26 323), 9.48% (2 765/29 152), 9.73% (2 835/29 145) and 10.92% (2 467/22 591), respectively, with statistically significant difference (χ 2 = 10.51, P = 0.015). Among the 198 villages with control measures up to standard, according to the historical water fluoride, the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children in each water fluoride range (1.20-2.00, 2.01-3.00, 3.01-4.00, > 4.00 mg/L) was 37.73% (698/1 850), 43.17% (1 176/2 724), 45.50% (769/1 690) and 55.20% (802/1 453), respectively, with a statistically significant difference (χ 2 = 104.15, P < 0.001). Conclusion:The water improvement measures in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Jiangsu Province have achieved significant results, which still need to be further consolidated.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of health education on drinking-warter-borne endemic fluorosis in Jiangsu Province.Methods:From 2014 to 2018, a total of 12 counties (districts) with drinking-warter-borne endemic fluorosis were selected to carry out public health education activities, and 3 townships were chosen in each project county (district). School health education activities were carried out in the classes of grade 4 - 6 in the central primary school in each selected twonship. In the meantime, 3 villages were chosen in each selected township where the health education activities in the community were carried out. Before and after the health education activities, questionnaire surveys on knowledge of drinking-warter-borne endemic fluorosis prevention were conducted among 30 students in one class of grade 5 in the central primary school and 15 housewives lived near the central primary school in each township.Results:After the health education activities, the rates of knowledge awareness in the students and the housewives were 94.83% (15 362/16 200) and 95.14% (7 706/8 100), respectively, which were significantly higher than those before the health education activities [63.88% (10 348/16 200) and 65.94% (5 341/8 100)], and the differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 4 700.00, 2 200.00, P < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in the rates of knowledge awareness in the students and housewives before the health education activities from 2014 to 2018 (χ 2 = 8.43, 0.88, P = 0.077, 0.928). Before the health education activities, the rate of knowledge awareness in the students was lower than that in the housewives, and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 10.03, P = 0.002). After the health education activities, there was no statistical difference between the rate of knowledge awareness in the students and that in the housewives (χ 2 = 1.07, P = 0.301). Conclusions:The rates of knowledge awareness in the students and the housewives are increased significantly after the health education activities. We should expand the coverage of health education. Wide, deep and persistent health education in more ways for different people are needed to consolidate the achievements.
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Objective:To analyze the detection rate of thyroid nodules and goiter in school-age children in different water iodine regions and investigate the difference of thyroid nodule and goiter in school-age children with different age, gender and body mass index (BMI) in Jiangsu Province.Methods:In 2017, three villages with water iodine values of 8.1, 51.2 and 115.4 μg/L (iodine deficient group, iodine appropriate group and iodine high group) were selected as survey sites in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, where the supply of iodized salt was suspended. One primary school was selected from each village, and children aged 8 to 10 years old (age balance, half male and half female) were selected from each primary school as the survey subjects. Urine sample were collected, urinary iodine level was determined, height and weight were measured, and neck B ultrasound was performed.Results:A total of 131, 140 and 138 school-age children aged 8 to 10 years old were investigated in the iodine deficient group, iodine appropriate group and iodine high group, respectively, with a total of 409 children. The detection rates of thyroid nodules were 6.9% (9/131), 15.0% (21/140) and 16.7% (23/138), respectively, and the detection rates of goiter were 1.5% (2/131), 1.4% (2/140) and 6.5% (9/138) in the three groups, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rates of thyroid nodules and goiter in different water iodine groups (χ 2 = 6.92, 6.37, P < 0.05). The detection rates of thyroid nodules in different age groups were 9.5% (12/126), 11.3% (16/142) and 17.7% (25/141), the differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 9.05, P < 0.05). The detection rates of thyroid nodules were 11.6% (24/207), 14.4% (29/202), and 12.5% (39/313), 16.9% (14/83), 0/9 and 0/4 in the subjects of different gender and BMI, the differences were not statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.69, P > 0.05). The detection rates of goiter in the subjects of different gender, age and BMI were 1.4% (3/207), 5.0% (10/202); 2.4% (3/126), 6.3% (9/142), 0.7% (1/141); 1.6% (3/313), 4.8% (4/83), 3/9 and 1/4. The differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 4.07, 7.66, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The detection rate of thyroid nodules in school-age children in different water iodine regions in Jiangsu Province may have a certain relationship with age, and the detection rate of goiter may have a certain relationship with age, gender and BMI.
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Objective:To investigate the status of anticipatory grief among the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and to analyze its influencing factors.Methods:From April 2021 to July 2021, the main caregivers of 180 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in Xiangdong Hospital Affiliated to Hunan Normal University and Liling Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Hunan Province, were selected by convenience sampling method for the research object. The survey was carried out using the General Information Questionnaire, the Anticipatory Grief Scale and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of anticipatory grief in the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients.Results:The total score of Anticipatory Grief Scale in the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients was 84.43±12.02, and the total score of Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview was 24.92 ± 7.98, which were positively correlated ( r = 0.557, P<0.01).In the multiple linear regression analysis, the caregiver ′s education level, age, gender, care burden and per capita monthly income and the patient ′s age were the influencing factors of anticipatory grief for the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients ( t values were -5.54-8.75, all P<0.05), which could explain 54.1% of the total variance. Conclusions:The anticipatory grief of the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients is at a relatively serious level. Medical care should pay more attention to the caregivers and their sadness in their communication, so as to detect problems in time, so as to take targeted measures to the current situation, which is effective to improve their level of grief and improve the quality of care.
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Objective:To investigate the iodine content distribution of drinking water in Jiangsu Province.Methods:In 2017, the iodine content in drinking water of residents in townships (streets, hereinafter referred to as townships) of Jiangsu Province was investigated. Administrative villages (neighborhood committees, hereinafter referred to as administrative villages) of Jiangsu Province were selected as units for the investigation of townships with the median water iodine greater than 10 μg/L. Delimitation criteria: the median iodine content of water < 40 μg/L was iodine deficiency area, 40-100 μg/L was suitable iodine area, and > 100 μg/L was high iodine area.Results:A total of 1 285 townships were surveyed in 101 counties (cities, districts) in 13 cities, and the median water iodine in townships was 7.28 μg/L. Among them, there were 875 townships with median water iodine < 10 μg/L, accounting for 68.09%; 315 townships 10-< 40 μg/L, accounting for 24.51%; 56 townships 40-100 μg/L, accounting for 4.36%; 39 townships > 100 μg/L, accounting for 3.04%. The water iodine survey at the administrative village level was conducted in 5 864 administrative villages in 410 townships in 6 cities. Among them, 769 administrative villages with median water iodine < 10 μg/L, accounting for 13.11%; 3 558 administrative villages 10 - < 40 μg/L, accounting for 60.68%; 613 administrative villages 40 - 100 μg/L, accounting for 10.45%; and 924 administrative villages > 100 μg/L, accounting for 15.76%.Conclusion:According to the water iodine, there are iodine deficiency, suitable iodine and high iodine areas in Jiangsu Province, mainly in iodine deficiency areas.
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Objective To further understand and master the distribution and influencing factors of water iodine in Jiangsu Province.Methods From 2012 to 2014,half of the water plants in rural centralized water supply monitoring plants in 63 counties (cities,districts) of Jiangsu Province were selected as survey sites,and the types of monitoring,types of water plants,types of water sources,self-inspection ability,disinfection situation,water treatment methods were investigated and analyzed.One sample of peripheral water was collected from each survey site to determine the water iodine content.Results From 2012-2014,there were 938 samples of river water were monitored,and the median water iodine was 5.9 μg/L.There were 57 samples of lake water were monitored,the median water iodine was 6.8 μg/L.There were 228 samples of reservoir water were monitored,and the median water iodine was 7.1 μg/L.There were 43 samples of gully pond water were monitored,and the median water iodine was 6.9 μg/L.There were 5 474 samples of deep well water were monitored,and the median water iodine was 28.2 μg/L.There were 162 samples of shallow well water were monitored,and the median water iodine was 30.9 μg/L.There was a statistically significant difference in the median iodine content of water samples from different water sources (x2 =844.9,P ＜ 0.05).The differences of median iodine of lake water,reservoir water,gully pond water,deep well water and shallow well water among different monitoring types were significant (x2 =9.6,6.3,9.7,121.2,38.1,P ＜ 0.05).The differences of median iodine of river water,reservoir water,deep well water and shallow well water among different types of water plants were significant (x2 =109.5,39.0,153.3,7.6,P ＜ 0.05).The iodine contents of fiver water,lake water,deep well water and shallow well water had significant difference in selfinspection ability of different water plants (x2 =62.5,5.1,29.9,10.1,P ＜ 0.05).The iodine content of reservoir water,deep well water and shallow well water were significandy different in different disinfection situation (x2 =12.1,12.4,35.7,P ＜ 0.05).The medians iodine of river water,reservoir water,deep well water and shallow well water had significant difference in different water treatment methods (x2 =9.5,21.2,102.4,46.9,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The water iodine contents of water samples in different types of water sources in rural area of Jiangsu Province are different.The level of water iodine is affected by factors such as monitoring type,type of water plant,self-inspection ability,disinfection situation and water treatment method.
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Objective To understand the drinking water type fluorosis in Jiangsu Province, dynamically monitor the disease trends, and to evaluate the operation effect of the water project comprehensively. Methods Twenty-six fluorosis districts and counties in Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Suqian, Huaian and Yancheng were selected as the monitoring sites. The change of water improvement engineering and the value of water fluoride were surveyed and tested. There were three different situations of changed water: the water improvement engineering operated normally was the first, the water improvement engineering operated abnormally or water fluorine excesses the standard was the second,and without water improvement was the last.The teeth of children aged 8 to 12 years were checked according to the method of Dean. The skeletal fluorosis of adults was checked according to "Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2008) by X-ray inspection. Results The normal operation rates of changed water project from 2011 to 2015 were 100.00% (30/30), 85.29% (29/34), 82.50% (33/40), 95.92% (47/49),and 97.83%(45/46),and the excessive rates of water fluorosis for normal operating engineering were 13.33%(4/30),17.24%(5/29),9.09%(3/33),14.89%(7/47),and 11.11%(5/45).The dental fluorosis detection rates of children aged 8 to 12 years were 33.68% (194/576), 28.30% (711/2 512), 36.25% (1 577/4 350), 22.06% (837/3 794), and 20.44% (903/4 417) from 2011 to 2015, the differences were statistically significant (χ2= 190.952, P < 0.05). The dental fluorosis detection rates in the three situations of water changed annually was statistically significant (χ2=129.336, 130.402, 21.419, P < 0.05). The detection rates between three different water conditions were 21.88% (2 857/13 057), 57.23% (1 156/2 020), 36.54%(209/572), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=206.295, P < 0.05). Differences between the villages with water improvement engineering changed but not worked and the villages with water improvement engineering changed and worked well and the villages without the water improvement engineering were statistically significant(χ2=200.861,36.336,P<0.0125).The difference of detection rates between the villages with normal operation and the villages without water improvement was not statistically significant(χ2=2.131, P>0.0125).The X-ray detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in adults from 2011-2015 were 17.83% (51/286), 16.61% (49/295), 15.36% (51/332), 10.95% (53/484), and 5.16% (16/310); urinary fluoride range was 0.02 - 22.0 mg/L; the geometric average was 0.67 - 4.06 mg/L, there was no statistical significant difference of skeletal fluorosis distribution annually(χ2=6.060, P > 0.05). Conclusion The general condition of drinking water type fluorosis in Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2015 is gradually under control, but the engineering operation and water quality improvement still need to be improved; water change project not functioning or with excess fluorine is more harmful to children's teeth.
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Objective To master the condition of drinking water fluorosis in Jiangsu Province and the operation of improved-water project,and to provide a scientific basis for further prevention and treatment of drinking water fluorosis.Methods In 2015,17 drinking water fluorosis counties were selected in Jiangsu Province,and 3 villages in each county were selected as monitoring sites,when the number of drinking water fluorosis villages was less than 3,all of the drinking water fluorosis villages were selected as monitoring sites.To know the progress and running conditions of the improved-water facilities,water samples were collected to determine the fluorosis level.All children aged 8-12 years were monitored for dental fluorosis.Two monitoring counties were selected to monitor the X-ray changes and urinary fluoride of adults with skeletal fluorosis.Results A total of 47 villages were surveyed,46 of which had water improved,and 1 had water unimproved.The rate of water improved was 97.87％ (46/47).The number of improved-water facilities that were operating normally was 45,and the rate was 97.83％ (45/46).The number of intermittent operation was 1.The number of improved-water facilities with qualified water fluoride was 42,and the rate was 91.30％ (42/46).In the villages with normal improved-water facilities,and qualified water fluoride,the total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 15.56％ (600/3 855),and the dental fluorosis index was 0.29.In the villages with normal improved-water facilities,but unqualified water fluoride,the total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 57.30％ (267/466),and the dental fluorosis index was 1.21.The range of water fluoride in water unimproved villages was 1.2-2.0 mg/L,and the total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 40.91％ (36/88),and the dental fluomsis index was 0.66.The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults was 5.16％(16/310),the geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 0.67 mg/L,and the range of urinary fluoride was 0.02-2.76 mg/L.Conclusions The improved-water projects in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Jiangsu Province have achieved a certain effect,but water fluoride is unqualified in some water projects.We should strengthen the maintenance and supervision of the water projects to ensure the normal operation of water projects.
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Objective To investigate the current status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Jiangsu Province and to evaluate the effects of preventive and control measures on IDD in Jiangsu Province in 2014.Methods With the use of probability proportional to size sampling method (PPS),30 counties (cities,districts)in Jiangsu Province were selected.Only 1 primary school was selected in each county (city,district) and 50 students of 8-10 years old (halt male and half female,uniformly distributed in age groups) were selected in each school.Goiter,salt iodine,urinary iodine,height and weight were examined.Thirty students from Grade 5 in each school were selected at random,and health education questionnaire survey was conducted.In the area where the primary school located,5 housewives were selected and a questionnaire survey was conducted.Two-5 drinking water samples from the village where the primary school located were collected and the water iodine concentration was tested.Urine samples and salt samples from 20 pregnant women and 10 lactating women in the village where the primary school located were collected,and urinary iodine and salt iodine were detected.Thyroid volume was measured by palpation method and ultrasound.Urinary iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).The iodine level in salt was determined by direct titration;the salt samples from Sichuan and other enhanced salt were detected by arbitration (GB/T 13025.7-1999).Water iodine was tested using the method suitable for iodine deficiency and high iodine areas (recommended method of reference laboratory of national iodine deficiency disorders).Results A total of 1 524 children aged 8-10 years old were examined.Forty-two children had goiter by palpation method and the goiter rate was 2.76％ (42/1 524).Forty-one children had goiter by ultrasound and the goiter rate was 2.69％ (41/1 524).Totally 1 523 urine samples of children aged 8-10 years old were tested and the median of urinary iodine was 208.03 μg/L.A total of 1 524 salt samples were tested,the coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.44％ (1 485/1 524) and the qualified rate of iodized salt was 96.43％(1 432/1 485).The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 93.96％(1 432/1 524) and the consumption rate of non-iodized salt was 2.56％(39/1 524).The rates of knowledge awareness about IDD among students and housewives were 81.36％ (2 287/2 811)and 91.18％ (424/465),respectively.Sixty drinking water samples were collected and the median of water iodine was 16.83 μg/L.Six hundred urine samples of pregnant women and 304 urine samples of lactating women were tested.The median of urinary iodine was 155.16 and 138.33 μg/L,respectively.Conclusions After achieving the goal of eliminating IDD,the control effect in Jiangsu Province is sustainable.The crowd's risk of iodine deficiency has declined significantly.
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Objective To master iodine intake ways of children in Yancheng (coastal) and Zhenjiang (inland) cities,analyze their urinary iodine difference and provide solid evidence for adjustment of salt iodine and adequate iodine intake level of local residents.Methods Totally 50％ counties were randomly selected in Yancheng and Zhenjiang cities and 5 towns were sampled in each county in 2014,local water iodine,domestic salt iodine,local eating habits and urine iodine of children 8-10 years old were investigated,and the influences of different iodine intake ways on urine iodine level were analyzed.Results The median of water iodine was 4.76 μg/Lin Zhenjiang (n =40) and 50.80 μg/L in Yancheng (n =50),the difference was statisticelly significant in two cities (Z =6.93,P ＜ 0.05).Totally 2 400 salt samples were tested,the mean of salt iodine was (24.20 ± 5.07) mg/kg in Yancheng (n =1 500) and (22.87 ± 2.77) mg/kg in Zhenjiang (n =900),the difference was statisticelly significant in two cityies (t =7.23,P ＜ 0.05).The salt intake level in Zhenjiang (10.69-± 9.00) g/d appeared to be higher than that in Yancheng (8.40 ± 3.57) g/d,but the difference was not statistically significant (t =1.62,P ＞ 0.05).Totally 1 200urine samples were tested,the urine iodine level of Zhenjiang got higher results (265.83 μg/L,n =450) than that of Yancheng (182.15 μg/L,n =750,Z =12.18,P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of water iodine intake/salt iodine intake was about 1 ∶ 4 in Yancheng and 1 ∶ 50 in Zhenjiang,while residents in Zhenjiang got 21％ of daily iodine through extra ways.Eating habits like eating out did not have significant impact on urine iodine.Conclusions Based on the water iodine level,Yancheng is considered to be a appropriate iodine level area while Zhenjiang is a lack region.However,Zhenjiang has a higher urine iodine level than Yancheng,which is more than adequate to the recommendation.Salt iodine is a main iodine source in both cities.In iodine appropriate and deficiency areas,eating habits and food choices may play a more important role than geochemical factors in iodine intakes among residents.
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Objective To know the state of endemic fluorosis,running state of water improvement project in Jiangsu Province,and to provide a scientific basis for adjusting control measures against the disease.Methods Nine key counties were selected from the endemic fluorosis areas as survey spots in Jiangsu in 2012.Three villages in each spot were selected as survey villages.To known the progress and running conditions of water facilities,water samples were collected to determine the fluorosis level.All children aged 8 to 12 were tested for dental fluorosis at the survey villages.The fluorine content in water was determined with F-selective electrode (WS/T 106-1999).Dental fluorosis was diagnosed byased on the Dean method.Results Twenty-seven villages were investigated,the number of villages that had water quality improved was 26,the rate was 96.30％ (26/27);the number of villages that did not have water quality improved was 1,the rate was 3.70％ (1/27).Among the 26 facilities,21 improved-water facilities ran normally,the rate was 80.77％ (21/26);2 facilities ran with intermittently water supply,the rate was 8.70％ (2/26);3 facilities were scraped,the rate was 11.54％ (3/26).In the villages with normal improved-water facilities and qualified water fluorosis,the total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 22.74％ (380/1 761),the index of dental fluorosis was 0.45.In the villages with abnormal improved-water facilities and excessive water fluorosis,the total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 66.51％ (143/215),the index of dental fluorosis was 1.45.The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 42.86％ (12/28) in the villages which had not changed water source,the index of dental fluorosis was 0.86.Conclusion Improvement of water decreasing fluorine project in Jiangsu Province has a certain effect on children's dental fluorosis,but some of the water fluorosis projects are scrapped,and excess fluorine water should be taken seriously.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on endemic fluorosis in Jiangsu Province,and to provide reference data for the further prevention and control.Methods In 2012,according to the past prevalence of endemic fluorosis in Jiangsu Province,a total of 12 counties (districts) were selected,and 3 townships were chosen in each project county.Health educational activities were carried out iu the classes of grade 4-6 in the central primary school.In the meantime,3 villages were chosen in each selected township where the health educational activities in the community were carried out.Before and after the health education activitics,thirty students in one class of the fifth grade in the central primary school were extracted,and 15 housewives near the central primary school were extracted too.Questionnaire surveys on knowledge of endemic fluorosis were conducted in each project country.Results After the health educational activities,the number of questions of knowledge awareness in the students and the housewives was 3 240,1 620; the number of correct answer was 3 101,1 501;the rates were 95.71％ and 92.65％ respectively,and increased significantly compared with those before the intervention [65.52％ (2 123/3 240),68.64％ (1 112/1 620)],the differences were significant (x2=944.480,299.160,all P ＜ 0.05).Before the health educational activities,the rate of knowledge awarenes in the students was lower than that in the housewives (x2 =4.714,P ＜ 0.05).After the health educational activities,the rate of knowledge awareness in the students was higher than that in the housewives,the difference was significant (x2 =20.055,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The rates of knowledge awareness in the students and the housewives are increased significantly after the health educational activities,and the expected goal is reached.
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Objective To evaluate the method of endoscopic band ligation in resecting upper gastrointestinal leiomyoma . Methods We selected 59 patients with 64 small upper gastrointestinal tract leiomyo-mas by endoscopy , EUS and EUS guided fine needle aspiration. Of the 64 leiomyomas, their distribution were in esophagus 50, stomach 12 and duodenum 2. When the endoscope with transparent cap was introduced to reach the lesion, it was sucked into the cap, then released the band to ligate it. Two weeks after operation, endoscopic monitoring of the lesion was performed weekly until the complete healing of the wound. Results In the 64 lesions, 50 esophageal and 2 duodenal leiomyomas were thoroughly resected and the mean concrescence time is 3. 1 weeks and 4. 5 weeks respectively. Nine of 12 gastric leiomyomas were resected thoroughly and the other 3 were partially ligated and resulted in incomplete excision with the mean concrescence time of 4. 5weeks. No perforation occurred. Conclusions Endoscopic band ligation is an ideal method in resecting the small upper gastrointestinal leiomyomas.